Translational+Research

=Translational Research (N=24)=


 * Definition 1:** Translational research provides a much needed bridge of communication between highly specialized research scientists and physicians.
 * Source:** London Health Sciences Centre [|www.lrcc.on.ca/research/tbcru/]
 * Focus:** Cancer

(a) involve the translation of scientific discoveries and technological advancements to the treatment or prevention of cancer in humans, (b) be directed towards a tangible application to improve understanding, prevention, diagnosis or treatment of cancer, or (c) test ideas generated clinically in a basic research setting to define mechanisms and prove hypotheses. (d) use patients, patient material, patient data, simulated patient data or model systems with direct clinical relevance and/or application.
 * Definition 2:** Translational research can:
 * Source:** Translational Research Training in Cancer [|www.trtcancer.ca/]
 * Focus:** Cancer


 * Definition 3:** Translational research is the process of applying ideas, insights, and discoveries generated through basic scientific inquiry to the treatment or prevention of human disease.
 * Source:** http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-05-158.html
 * Focus:** Grant Applications


 * Definition 4:** Translational research—the two-way transfer between work at the laboratory bench and patient care.
 * Source:** [|www.bwfund.org/programs/translational/clinical_scientists_main.html]
 * Focus:** Health Care


 * Definition 5:** Translational research as the conversion of environmental health research into information, resources, or tools that can be used by public health and medical professionals and by the public to improve overall health and well-being, especially in vulnerable populations.
 * Source:** National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [|www.niehs.nih.gov/translat/]
 * Focus:** Environmental Health Science

• provides researchers with the tools they need to translate laboratory insights into safe and effective cancer therapies; • has a cadre of faculty researchers focused on developing ways to enhance the ability of the natural immune system to recognize and eliminate tumor cells; • studies the origin of breast cancer and endeavors to use this insight to improve detection and treatment; and • identifies and tests the effectiveness of new drugs in preventing or treating cancer.
 * Definition 6:** Translational Research:
 * Source:** Abramson Family Cancer Research Unit [|www.uphs.upenn.edu/abramson/translationalResearch.html]
 * Focus:** Cancer


 * Definition 7:** Translational research transforms scientific discoveries arising from laboratory, clinical, or population studies into clinical applications to reduce cancer incidence, morbidity, and mortality.
 * Source:** National Cancer Institute [|www.cancer.gov/trwg]
 * Focus:** Cancer


 * Definition 8:** Traditional boundaries among basic research, clinical research and patient-oriented research are yielding to a single, continuous, bidirectional spectrum commonly termed 'translational research' or 'translational medicine.'
 * Source:** Nature Medicine [|www.nature.com/nm/journal/v11/n7/abs/nm0705-705.html]
 * Focus:** Health Care


 * Definition 9:** Dr. William Hait,[1] of the Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, proposed the definition of translational research as the interphase between basic research and its application in a clinical setting for the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease. In other words, it consists in the application of a discovery to the practice of medicine, and many set its birth date in 1830, when Edward Jenner started the first "clinical experiments" to develop a vaccine for smallpox.
 * Source:** [|www.medscape.com/viewarticle/459654]
 * Focus:** Health Care

-MSSM website report on translational facility workshop
 * Definition 10:** Clinical investigation with human subjects in which knowledge obtained from basic research with genes, cells or animals is translated into diagnostic or therapeutic interventions that can be applied to the treatment or prevention of disease 2. Mission of translational research is to translate the basic science discoveries into clinical applications and to use the clinical observations to generate research foci for basic sciences
 * Source:** [|www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/internal_medicine/grand_rounds/07142005.ppt]
 * Focus:** Cancer


 * Definition 11:** I have a simple definition of translational research: It's the bridge from discovery to delivery. It has a clinical goal or target in mind, which isn't the case for basic research.
 * Source:** Columbia University Medical Centre [|www.cumc.columbia.edu/news/in-vivo/vol4_iss1_mar_apr_05/translation_research.html]
 * Focus:** Health Care

The mission of translational research is to translate the basic science discoveries into clinical applications, and to use the clinical observations to generate research foci for basic sciences. Translational research needs to focus on the integration of activities from bench to bedside. The three elements necessary for translational medicine are: Translational research relies upon intermediaries, such as physician-scientists and graduate students, to distribute the information across the disciplines. Relationship with other services: Inherent to translational research is the continuum of basic science discovery translated to clinical research and to broad industry application. All of these stages need to be present within the institution for successful translation research to take place, however they do not all need to be present within the new translational facility. The two distinct issues raised by this committee were proximity to clinical care and relationship with industry.
 * Definition 12:** Translational Research - Definition
 * disease-based programs
 * access to animal models and proximity to relevant groups of patients
 * ease of communications among basic scientists and clinicians
 * Source:** Mt. Sinai School of Medicine [|www.mssm.edu/forfaculty/publications/translational/report.shtml]
 * Focus:** Health Care


 * Definition 13:** for our laboratory, "translational research" simply means taking our basic laboratory discoveries and utilizing them to prevent or treat human disease which in our case is usually cancer.
 * Source:** [|www.caligiurilab.com/4102.cfm]
 * Focus:** Cancer

Mario Sznol, a member of JTM Editorial Board, suggested that Translational Medicine should be defined as a discipline that encompasses: 1. Basic science studies which define the biological effects of therapeutics in humans 2. Investigations in humans which define the biology of disease and provide the scientific foundation for development of new or improved therapies for human disease 3. Non-human or non-clinical studies conducted with the intent to advance therapies to the clinic or to develop principles for application of therapeutics to human disease 4. Any clinical trial of a therapythat was initiated based on #1–3 with any endpoint including toxicity and/or efficacy. In addition, in the regulatory arena: 5. Translational research may be defined as appropriate product development for clinical use in various stages of investigational clinical trial. For example, identity, purity and potency of a drug product must be studied during the early stages of the clinical trial. However, these tests must be in place before implementing phase 3 trials as required by the regulations.
 * Definition 14:** What's in a name? A name defines a concept which in turn may shape a vision. Therefore, it may behoove us to establish a common understanding of the definition of "translational medicine" to frame our expectations or frustrations. For most, "translational medicine" (or "translational research") describes a uni-directional effort to test in humans novel therapeutic strategies developed through experimentation. This would suffice if animal or other experimental models were representative of human pathology, but this remains to be determined [8-10]. as well summarized by Herbert Slade's: "there are no good animal models, but some are useful." In addition, translational medicine may include the development of new devices or novel diagnostic tools. Moreover, we suggested in a previous editorial that "translational medicine" is a two-way street where the drive to cure should be complemented by the pursuit to understand human diseases and their complexities [11]. Thus, one important aspect of translational medicine is going back from the bedside to the laboratory with observations made in human studies. This practice might be more constructive, focusing scientific thinking and providing more practical information.
 * Source:** Journal of Translational Medicine [|www.translational-medicine.com/content/2/1/14]
 * Focus:** Health Care


 * Definition 15:** Translational research is the application of discoveries from basic biomedical and behavioral research toward the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of human disease, with the ultimate goal of improving public health.
 * Source:** http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-05-023.html
 * Focus:** Grant Applications


 * Definition 16:** Today’s term for moving the advances in biomedical research through the pipeline and turning discoveries into applications has been dubbed “translational research.” The most basic definition of translational research is the practical application of biomedical research findings.
 * Source:** [|www.iom.edu/File.aspx?ID=20732] *Follow Link for Power Point Presentation by Dr. E. Albert Reece, University of Arkansas
 * Focus:** Health Care


 * Definition 17:** In this context, Translational is defined as pre-clinical research intended to evaluate the therapeutic potential of recent discoveries in the basic mechanisms of either brain tumor pathogenesis or experimental therapeutics. Human studies are excluded.
 * Source:** [|www.abta.org/abtaresearchfunding.htm]
 * Focus:** Cancer


 * Definition 18:** It is driven primarily by considerations of use and practical applications of the research results, as opposed to basic research, which is driven primarily by a quest for knowledge. It envisions the development of a practical solution that addresses a particular clinical problem or unmet clinical need. It often envisions as an endpoint the development of a particular product or products. The research results generally include protectable intellectual property. It involves clinical application as a goal, and therefore requires a transition (a translation) of the research from the research laboratory to the clinic (“bench to bedside”). It involves commercialization activities, and therefore requires a transition (a translation) of the technology (technology transfer) from the academic institution to a commercial entity for final product development, manufacturing and sales.
 * Source:** [|www.bu.edu/dbin/bme/Program_Introduction_120805.ppt]
 * Focus:** Medical Device Engineering


 * Definition 19:** Translational Research is generally described as the process of applying ideas, insights and discoveries generated through basic scientific inquiry to the treatment or prevention of disease or injury. Its value is usually determined on the basis of likelihood that completion of exploratory or developmental research objectives will move towards effective therapies. The centrally most important aspect of Translational Research is the clinical interface. It is bi-directional in nature, working from the laboratory to the clinic, and from the clinic back to the laboratory. Translational Research is, therefore, an inherently collaborative and interdisciplinary area of research.
 * Source:** Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation http://www.onf.org/knowledge/glossary.htm
 * Focus:** Health Care


 * Definition 20:** Translational Research -- Clinical investigation with human subjects (patients or normal volunteers) in which knowledge obtained from basic research with genes, cells, or animals is translated into diagnostic or therapeutic interventions that can be applied to the treatment or prevention of disease or frailty.
 * Source:** http://www.grg.org/resources/glossary.html
 * Focus:** Gerontology


 * Definition 21:** TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH – the clinical application of scientific medical research, from the lab to the bedside.
 * Source:** University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Centre http://uscnorriscancer.usc.edu/glossary/
 * Focus:** Cancer

Focus: Health Care
 * Definition 22:** Translational Research: research that brings discovery directly from the bench to practical applications in patients.
 * Source:** Sick Kids Hospital http://www.sickkids.ca/prm/section.asp?s=PRM Glossary&sID=11345


 * Definition 23:** Translational research includes two areas of translation. One is the process of applying discoveries generated during research in laboratory, and in preclinical studies, to the development of trials and studies in human studies. The second area of translation concerns research aimed at enhancing the adoption of best practices in the community
 * Source:** Bausell R, Barker. Translation Research: Introduction to the Special Issue. //Evaluation in the Health Professions//. 2006; 29 (1): 3-6.
 * Focus:** Health Care


 * Definition 24:** (previously described as) comprehensive applied research that strives to translate available knowledge and make it useful in everyday clinical and public health practice. 2. translation research 1) is oriented toward understanding solutions to real-world health care delivery problems (as opposed to basic science, epidemiology, and public health surveillance, which aim to characterize the problem); 2) is interested in impact, generalizability, and transferability (for example, application of results to most people with the condition, issues concerning application to diverse settings and situations, and the extent of spread and equity in implementation); 3) focuses on assessing effectiveness and its influence on process and outcomes and the sustainability of long-term implementation in real-world settings; and 4) emphasizes efficiency (that is, relative value under conditiond of finite resources), equity, and facilitation of optimal health and health care for as many people as possible.
 * Source:** Venkat Narayan KM, Benjamin E, Gregg EW, Norris SL, Engelgau MM. Diabetes Translation Research: Where Are We and Where Do We Want To Be? //Annals of Internal Medicine//. 2004; 140 (11): 958-963.
 * Focus:** Health Care