Effectiveness+Research

=Effectiveness Research (N=3)=


 * Definition 1:** Effectiveness research is best defined as discovering at what level interventions work in the day-to-day practice of medicine.
 * Source:** http://www.springerlink.com/content/uu3032364p817743/fulltext.pdf
 * Focus:** Health Care (Breast Cancer)

may entail any in a range of primary data collection methods and secondary (or “synthetic”) methods that combine data from primary studies.
 * Definition 2:** [Outcomes and effectiveness research] evaluates the impact of health care (including discrete interventions such as particular drugs, medical devices, and procedures as well as broader programmatic or system interventions) on the health outcomes of patients and populations. [It] may include evaluation of economic impacts linked to health outcomes, such as cost effectiveness and cost utility. [Outcomes and effectiveness research] emphasizes health problem- (or disease-) oriented evaluations of care delivered in general, “real-world” settings; multidisciplinary teams; and a wide range of outcomes, including mortality, morbidity, functional status, mental well-being, and other aspects of health-related quality of life. [Outcomes and effectiveness research]
 * Source:** Health Affairs http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/reprint/17/5/75.pdf
 * Focus:** Health Care


 * Definition 3:** "Effectiveness," as distinct from "efficacy," refers to the outcomes experienced by or observed in patients in routine clinical practice. Effectiveness studies take into account the complexities that result from the many clinical and non-clinical variables that influence practice and outcomes. At a minimum, these include relevant comorbidities, medical history, and adherence to treatment recommendations; relevant demographic, socioeconomic, and cultural characteristics; and patients' values and preferences. They may include differences in clinicians' training, skills, and practice styles. Differences in organizational factors, such as financial incentives and composition of the clinical team, also may be considered as important independent variables. It is expected that the result of this inclusionary approach will be a set of studies the findings of which can be generalized to health care as it is typically received and practiced in the community.
 * Source:** http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HS-94-002.html
 * Focus:** Health Care